The Stories Of Sherwood Anderson’S Winesburg, Ohio Are

The stories of Sherwood Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio are an intersecting group of tales that emphasize the grotesque over a wide spectrum. While some of Anderson’s stories focus upon the physical grotesque, other characterizations demonstrate the ability of the human psyche to exemplify the grotesque. Such is the case with Anderson’s short story â€Å"Hands.† â€Å"Hands† is a story of society’s tendency to marginalize those who can be categorized as grotesque, or those who simply refuse categorization entirely. Anderson’s tale of social isolation utilizes the image of the hands to symbolize the emotional expression of Wing Biddlebaum in order to drive an implicit theme that emotional internalization and social isolation is a veritable prison. Before†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, Wing is still plagued by doubts about his hands and is â€Å"striving to conceal† them even in the fields. Anderson writes, â€Å"The hands alarmed their owner. He wanted to keep them hidden away and looked with amazement at the quiet inexpressive hands of other men who worked beside him in the fields, or passed, driving sleepy teams on country roads† (Anderson 4). Another recurring image is Wing’s tendency to hide his hands in his pockets. This image occurs several times over the duration of Anderson’s story. In another instance Anderson writes, â€Å"Wing Biddlebaum talked much with his hands. The slender expressive fingers, forever active, forever striving to conceal themselves in his pockets or behind his back, came forth and became the piston rods of his machinery of expression† (Anderson 3). This image is repeated again when Wing is conversing with George. Wing is horrified by the sight of his own hands and â€Å"With a convulsive movement of his body, Wing Biddlebaum sprang to his feet and thrust his hands deep into his trousers pockets† (Anderson 5). This imagery involving hands being thrust into pockets is intended by Anderson to be a metaphor for prison. Wing’s hands are repeatedly described in terms of birds. Biddlebaum’s own name reflects this very idea. According to Anderson, â€Å"The story of Wing Biddlebaum is a story of hands. Their restless activity, like unto the beating of the wings of an imprisoned bird, had given him hisShow MoreRelatedEssay on Isolation in Sherwood Andersons Winesburg, Ohio797 Words   |  4 PagesIsolation in Winesburg, Ohio      Ã‚  Ã‚   Winesburg, Ohio is a story of lost or nonexistent connections with other human beings. Every character throughout the text has a want, a need, to connect with someone or something. Each individual faces a life of isolation. In most cases the solitary nature of their lives is self-inflicted. This self-punishment seems to be the outcome of a deeply personal hatred towards the characters perceived differences with the rest of the Winesburg population. ThisRead More The Many Themes in Sherwood Andersons Winesburg, Ohio Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe Many Themes in Winesburg, Ohio Winesburg, Ohio is a compilation of short tales written by Sherwood Anderson and published as a whole in 1919. The short tales formulate the common themes for the novel as follows: isolation and loneliness, discovery, inhibition, and cultural failure. In order to examine these themes, Andersons history must be understood and examined to provide illumination upon why Anderson came to such beliefs about human life. Sherwood Anderson was born on SeptemberRead MorePaper Pills: The Cure for Doctor Reefy889 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Paper Pills† is a short story written by Sherwood Anderson in his most recognized book, Winesburg, Ohio, which has several interrelated stories (Belasco 859). The story is about an older physician, named Dr. Reefy, who is distanced from society, and only expresses his thoughts on pieces of paper, which he stuffs into his pockets (Bort). Eventually, he meets a younger woman who he marries and shares those crumbled pieces of paper with for a brief period before her death. The story is recounted by an unknownRead MoreThe Power Of The Grotesque1766 Words   |  8 Pagestrue definition of beauty?† Writers such as Sherwood Anderson and Thomas Mann depict the beauty of life through the usage of th e grotesque. The grotesque is used to reveal the absolute truth and reality of humanity. However, no matter how terrifying these truths may be, it is evident that the messages depicted and the passion evoked through them are truly beautiful. Winesburg, Ohio is a collection of short stories by Sherwood Anderson. The episodic stories have a wide range of character types and messagesRead MoreComparing How Sherwood Anderson, William Faulkner, And Or Willa Cather Portray Aspects Of Small-Town Life1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnd Contrast How Sherwood Anderson, William Faulkner, And/or Willa Cather Portray Aspects Of Small-Town Life. Name Class Institution Date of submission Comparing and contrasting how Sherwood Anderson and William Faulkner, portray aspects of small-town life Introduction Sherwood Anderson as written much on people’s misery in most of his stories and utilized them ironically when ending the story. His life experiences influenced the methodology he utilized to write them. The stories related to difficultRead More An Analysis of Sherwood Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio Essay1999 Words   |  8 PagesAn Analysis of Sherwood Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio Under the guise of simplicity, Sherwood Anderson weaves an intricate tale of mans struggle for understanding and love in Winesburg, Ohio. Against a backdrop rich with symbolism, he examines mans truths crumbling behind the walls he has built. Anderson employs a strong use of symbolism in Adventure. Waiting in vain for a self-made fantasy to realize, Alice Hindman sacrifices a meaningful life within society. Alices outward existenceRead MoreSherwood Anderson Themes And Techniques1605 Words   |  7 PagesJT Carlstrom Mr. Kaplan English IV 6 November 2017 Themes, Styles, and Techniques of Sherwood Anderson Sherwood Anderson was a novelist, short story writer, and poet. He wrote with an intense personal connection to the project he was working on at that time. His connection with his works was so great that the work often reflected his opinions and life experiences throughout his writings. This connection is very apparent throughout his major themes: societal reforms, human sexuality and experienceRead More Wineburg, Ohio Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesWineburg, Ohio Winesburg, Ohio, also known as the Book of Grotesque is a modern American classic by Sherwood Anderson. He came to be known as the â€Å"Father of Realism†, as he left his mark on literature, being the first one to portray authentic moments in American life. He tells the stories of many â€Å"faces† he saw in his dreams, describing their deeply moving lives filled with secrets. The twenty-one stories in the novel are united through the setting, Winesburg, and the main character, George WillardRead MoreHands by Sherwood Anderson Literary Analysis Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesHannah Gandelman April.9, 2014 ENC1102 Literary Analysis on Hands by Sherwood Anderson The short story Hands by Sherwood Anderson is one of the twenty-two stories in the book Winesburg, Ohio. This story specifically focuses on the psychological trauma of a teacher after being falsely accused of molesting his male students. This alone brings up the topics of homosexuality and sex, which was considered scandalous at the time it was published in 1919.Although this is true, it did not stop theRead More Comparing the Search in Platos Allegory of the Cave and Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio1540 Words   |  7 PagesAllegory of the Cave and Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel Winesburg, Ohio by Sherwood Anderson has many themes that present themselves throughout the book. One such recurring theme is a search for truth. The characters in the book do not fully realize that they are searching for truth, but they do feel a vague, indescribable thing that pushes and prods their minds to actualize a higher plane of thought. This search for a higher plane by the characters of Winesburg nearly parallels another

Essay on The Importance of Sex Education - 1296 Words

Children and young adults today distinguish right from wrong based on their previous knowledge. The education they receive plays a major role in the way they make decisions. Sex is a controversial topic brought up frequently throughout a childs life. Based on the way it is taught, the child makes decisions that may forever change his or her life. (Sex Education That 3) Although it is often opposed, the two most essential ways children learn about sex today is the education they receive at home and at school. The relationship and behavior between children and their parents is crucial to the ways these children shape their own sexual ideas and values A child who perceives his relationship to his parents as supportive and†¦show more content†¦(Sexual Values 68) If all parents were to teach, clarify, and help their children understand, it would provide better means for coping with sexual needs in a responsible manner. (Choosing Virginity 70) Ignorance and bliss are not valid exc uses for providing the much-needed sex education. However, the home setting is still very beneficial. Sex education does not always refer to the education of sex. It involves many different concepts put together to inform children, and young adults about their society. It is also the process of acquiring information and forming attitudes and beliefs about sex, sexual identity, relationships, intimacy, and developing young peoples skills so that they make informed choices about their behavior. In addition, many parents would also like schools to share the responsibility for helping their kids learn to make healthy choices that protect themselves and others. (Single-Sex Education 3) Sex education in school differs from in the home. For instance, a survey conducted in 1985 by Louis Harris states that nine out of ten parents say they want their children to receive more sex education in school than at home. (Sexual Values 43) The schools duty is not to preach about whether or not any particular kind of sexual behavior is good or bad, or to judge the correctness of the attitudes and behavior of the teenagers. Rather, it is to teach a proper respect for sex and a realization of its beauty, while still approaching itShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Sex Education987 Words   |  4 Pages Sex Education As a young adult, I feel that sex education should be taught in school by a qualified adult.In a perfect world, sex education should be taught in the home; however, with the rise of teenage pregnancy, it is evident that it is not being taught in the home. It is because of this alarming trend that I feel that it needs to be taught in school.Sex education provides many different benefits to the students. It can prevent unwanted pregnancies, reduce sexually transmitted diseasesRead MoreThe Importance Of Sex Education788 Words   |  4 Pagesdistricts of Texas. The total number of participants will consist of three groups, all from the 2016-2017 school year. The first group did not participate in neither sex education program offered by the school, the second group participated in abstinence-only sex education, and the third group participated in a comprehensive sex education program. The research team make sure that boys and girls and each school grade are represented equally. All scho ols are located in urban areas. The representativeRead MoreThe Importance Of Sex Education1340 Words   |  6 PagesSex education is one of the most debated problems in education, which has been floating on educational agendas for ages. There has been a constant dialogue about the role that sex education should play in curriculum of K-12 education. As breathing human beings, we all know that sex is a large part of our lives, however, how young is too young to know and talk about sex? With the increase of sexually transmitted diseases, commonly known as â€Å"STD’s†, among young people, many schools have added sex educationRead MoreThe Importance of Sex Education1217 Words   |  5 PagesWith sex being a sensitive subject for parents to discuss with their children, they believe it is not appropriate to discuss these types of delicate subjects at any age. It is not because they don’t want to inform them, but because they want to protect them. Even though they d on’t know that be keeping it from them, their children are far from safety every day. However, with today’s high birth rates at early ages, the question is no longer â€Å"should sex education be taught?† but â€Å"how sex education shouldRead MoreEssay on Importance of Sex Education648 Words   |  3 PagesPROVIDE YOUNG PEOPLE WITH ADEQUATE SEX EDUCATION BECAUSE IGNORANCE CAN BE HARMFUL/b/centerbrbrThe largest gulf of understanding still remains between the parents and the youth especially in the area of sexuality. Sex is a natural part of life, and when questions arise, they can be discussed in a matured way without condoning certain behavior. Relying to that, we realize that sex education is important to be inserted in a persons life. Therefore, sex education in high schools is very necessaryRead MoreThe Importance of Sex Education528 Words   |  2 PagesSex education is something that should taken into consideration teaching lower class how to prevent th emselves for having more children. Lot of the young adults have no idea of the usage of birth controls or condoms in every high school they should have sex education programs. Birth control and condoms should be handed out in public places for the lower class could get a hold of it also budgeting skills should be given to teach lower class how to save and manage their spending. The cost of livingRead MoreThe Importance of Sex Education Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesWhen are children first exposed to sex? It is hard to control what a child is exposed to with the growing trend of sexual imagery in advertising, television, movies, and in the general public. An article, Children Learn Best by Observing Behavior of Adults, written by Jodie Michalak states â€Å"While children will always have their own personality and emotions, they are constantly influenced by their environment† (2013). What and how children learn is a very significant part of how healthy our societyRead MoreT he Importance of Sex Education Essays701 Words   |  3 PagesSex education should be increased in schools. Nearly one million women under the age of 20 get pregnant each year. That means 2800 women get pregnant each day. If students are educated about the effects sex has on their lives, it lessens their chance of having children at an early age. Knowledge about sex can also lessen the chance of kids receiving STDS. First of all, the main reason children have sex prematurely is because they are curious. Students lack knowledge about sex because they haven’tRead MoreThe Importance Of Proper Sexual Education On Sex1015 Words   |  5 PagesRay English 1301.3 20 November 2015 The Importance of Proper Sexual Education In life, high school especially, sexual education is very important and can truly impact a person’s life. Improper education on sex can lead to many life-changing mistakes. These blunders can be avoided with proper knowledge. Although students should be encouraged to remain abstinent, they should still be taught about contraception and practicing safe sex. With proper sexual education, abstinence rates will increase and theRead MorePersuasive Essay On The Importance Of Sex Education850 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Albert Einstein once said, ‘Education is not the learning of facts, It’s rather the training of the mind to think.’† Once the person learns about abstinence and the cons of sex, the mind will start to adapt to the fact that it is not good to do things. Sex education and learning about abstinence is a very important key to life because it can help reduce pregnancy rates and much more. It could lower the chances of catching a sexually transmit ted disease. Having sex education in classrooms can help kids

Test Preparation Campbell Biology free essay sample

Though fungal divisions have traditionally been based on modes of sexual reproduction, molecular considerations are becoming more important. Consequently, no emphasis has been placed on the vagaries of sexual and asexual reproduction among various fungi in this Test Bank. Instead, new questions assess students’ abilities to think logically about fungal morphology, genetics, and ecology. Two new sets of scenario questions deal with the biology of microsporidians and chytrids, fungi thought to play a substantial role in the worldwide decline of many amphibians. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated (i. e. , have an amine group attached) molecules of ? -glucose? A) insect exoskeleton B) plant cell walls C) fungal cell walls D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct. Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? A) plants B) protists C) prokaryotes D) animals E) mutualistic fungi Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Application/Analysis 3) When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? A) fungal haustoria B) soredia C) fungal enzymes D) increased oxygen levels E) larger bacterial populations Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Application/Analysis 4) Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)? A) They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis. B) Their body plan is a unicellular sphere. C) Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils. D) They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources. E) They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding. Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively? A) desmosomes? tonoplasts B) gap junctions? plasmodesmata C) tight junctions? plastids D) centrioles? plastids E) flagella? central vacuoles Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Application/Analysis 6) What do fungi and arthropods have in common? A) Both groups are commonly coenocytic. B) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. C) Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food. D) The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin. E) Both groups have cell walls. Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae? A) multiple chitinous layers in cross-walls B) pores in cross-walls C) complex microtubular cytoskeletons D) two nuclei E) tight junctions that form in cross-walls between cells Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) What accounts most directly for the extremely fast growth of a fungal mycelium? A) rapid distribution of synthesized proteins by cytoplasmic streaming B) a long tubular body shape C) the readily available nutrients from their ingestive mode of nutrition D) a dikaryotic condition that supplies greater amounts of proteins and nutrients Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are A) composed of hyphae. B) referred to as a mycelium. C) usually underground. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct. Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Both fungus-farming ants and their fungi can synthesize the same structural polysaccharide from the ? -glucose. What is this polysaccharide? A) amylopectin B) chitin C) cellulose D) lignin E) glycogen Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Application/Analysis 11) Consider two hyphae having equal dimensions: one from a septate species and the other from a coenocytic species. Compared with the septate species, the coenocytic species should have A) fewer nuclei. B) more pores. C) less chitin. D) less cytoplasm. E) reduced cytoplasmic streaming. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Application/Analysis 12) Immediately after karyogamy occurs, which term applies? A) plasmogamy B) heterokaryotic C) dikaryotic D) diploid Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) Which description does not apply equally well to both sexual and asexual spores? A) have haploid nuclei B) represent the dispersal stage C) are produced by meiosis D) upon germination, will subsequently undergo S phase and mitosis Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? 1. cells with a single haploid nucleus 2. heterokaryotic cells 3. dikaryotic cells 4. cells with two diploid nuclei A) 1 or 2 B) 1 or 3 C) 2 or 3 D) 2 or 4 E) 3 or 4 Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) After cytokinesis occurs in budding yeasts, the daughter cell has a A) smaller nucleus and more cytoplasm than the mother cell. B) smaller nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell. C) larger nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell. D) similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell. Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently A) means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures. B) results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell. C) allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time. D) results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells. E) is strong support for the claim that fungi are not truly eukaryotic. Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Application/Analysis 17) If all of their nuclei are equally active transcriptionally, then the cells of both dikaryotic and heterokaryotic fungi, in terms of the gene products they can make, are essentially A) haploid. B) diploid. C) alloploid. D) completely homozygous. E) completely hemizygous. Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cells chromosome number than does meiosis I? A) mitosis B) plasmogamy C) crossing over D) binary fission E) karyogamy Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Which of the following statements is true of deuteromycetes? A) They are the second of five fungal phyla to have evolved. B) They represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified. C) They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage. D) They are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens. E) They include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants? A) presence of coal forests and change in mode of nutrition B) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape C) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls D) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells E) continental drift and mode of spore dispersal Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Which of the following characteristics is shared by both chytrids and other kinds of fungi? A) presence of flagella B) zoospores C) autotrophic mode of nutrition D) cell walls of cellulose E) nucleotide sequences of several genes Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen A) due to common ancestry. B) by convergent evolution. C) by inheritance of acquired traits. D) by natural means, and is a homology. E) by serial endosymbioses. Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the bud cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following should be true of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell? A) It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time. B) It should produce ribosomal RNA at a slower rate. C) It should be transcriptionally less active. D) It should have reduced motility. E) It should have a smaller nucleus. Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 3 Skill: Application/Analysis 24) The microsporidian, Brachiola gambiae, parasitizes the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals in order for their eggs to develop, and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans. Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar. If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria, then how many of the following statements should be true? 1. Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity. 2. The microsporidian should not be harmful to other insects. 3. Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae, rather than mosquito adults. 4. The subsequent decline in anopheline mosquitoes should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs. 5. Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes, but not to female mosquitoes. A) one statement only B) two statements C) three statements D) four statements E) all five statements Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 25) Many infected animals are induced by the parasitic microsporidians to develop huge cells, known as xenomas, which are full of spores. Given their large size, what should be true of the xenomas? A) The parasite must endow the xenoma with some way to overcome its unfavorable surface area-to-volume ratio. B) The xenoma must obtain mitochondria to survive. C) The xenoma must gain a cell wall; otherwise, it will lyse. D) The xenoma acts as a prison, of sorts, to keep the spores from escaping and infecting other organisms. Answer: A Topic: Concepts 6. 2, 31. 3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 26) What are the sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus? A) asexual structures that produce haploid spores B) asexual structures that produce diploid spores C) sexual structures that produce haploid spores D) sexual structures that produce diploid spores Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) Which of these paired fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike? A) conidia and basidiocarps B) sporangia and hyphae C) soredia and gills D) haustoria and arbuscules E) zoospores and mycelia Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? A) zygomycete B) ascomycete C) deuteromycete D) chytrid E) basidiomycete Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) Which of the following has the least affiliation with all of the others? A) Glomeromycota B) mycorrhizae C) lichens D) arbuscules E) mutualistic fungi Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Arrange the following from largest to smallest: 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus A) 3 4 2 1 B) 3 2 4 1 C) 3 4 1 2 D) 2 3 4 1 E) 2 4 1 3 Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) Arrange the following from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp 2. basidium 3. basidiospore 4. mycelium 5. gill A) 4 5 1 2 3 B) 5 1 4 2 3 C) 5 1 4 3 2 D) 5 1 3 2 4 E) 4 1 5 2 3 Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) Among sac fungi, which of these correctly distinguishes ascospores from conidia? A) Ascospores are diploid, whereas conidia are haploid. B) Ascospores are produced only by meiosis, whereas conidia are produced only by mitosis. C) Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not. D) Ascospores are larger, whereas conidia are smaller. E) Ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, whereas conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here? A) karyogamy B) mycelial flagella C) alternation of generations D) breezes distributing spores E) cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 34) In what structures do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores? A) asci B) zygosporangia C) rhizoids D) gametangia E) conidiophores Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as A) antibodies. B) aflatoxins. C) hallucinogens. D) antigens. E) antibiotics. Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and A) mosses. B) cyanobacteria. C) green algae. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct. Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 37) In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? A) carbohydrates B) fixed nitrogen C) antibiotics D) water and minerals E) protection from harmful UV Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 38) Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? A) Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. B) Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. C) Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. D) The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. E) Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that A) algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic. B) lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships. C) algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates. D) fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the leakiness of photosynthetic partners. E) soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners. Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 40) When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes. B) lichens growing on the vines branches are not harmed. C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae. D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 41) Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves? A) pathogens B) endosymbioses C) endophytes D) lichens E) mycorrhizae Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been true about its partner? A) It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall. B) It was probably a red alga. C) It was probably a member of the domain Bacteria. D) It was probably a heterotrophic prokaryote. E) It was probably infected by bacteriophage. Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 43) Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage? A) They are currently classified among the ascomycetes. B) They do not form heterokaryons. C) Their spores are probably produced by mitosis. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 44) Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to A) reduce competition for nutrients. B) help humanity survive. C) promote their ingestion of foodstuffs. D) eliminate other fungi. E) discourage animal predators. Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island? A) basidiospores B) spores of ectomycorrhizae C) soredia D) yeasts E) leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants) Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 46) Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants A) leaf mesophyll. B) stem apical meristems. C) root apical meristems D) xylem. E) waxy cuticle. Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 47) Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour? A) ergotism B) athletes foot C) ringworm D) candidiasis (Candida yeast infection) E) coccidioidomycosis Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 48) Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment, then which of the following represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack? A) by transferring some chloroplasts to the embryo in each seed B) by providing the seeds with water and minerals C) by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients they have absorbed D) by strengthening the seed coat that surrounds each seed Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis Scenario Questions Please refer to the following information to answer the next few questions. Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete, Neurospora crassa, contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores. 59) If a single, diploid G2 nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng) of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes? A) 100, carried on 7 chromosomes B) 100, carried on 14 chromosomes C) 200, carried on 7 chromosomes D) 200, carried on 14 chromosomes E) 400, carried on 14 chromosomes Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Application/Analysis 60) What is the ploidy of a single mature ascospore? A) monoploid B) diploid C) triploid D) tetraploid E) polyploid Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 61) Each of the eight ascospores present at the end of mitosis has the same chromosome number and DNA content (ng) as each of the four cells at the end of meiosis. What must have occurred in each spore between the round of meiosis and the round of mitosis? A) double fertilization B) crossing over C) nondisjunction D) autopolyploidy E) S phase Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Application/Analysis Unicellular yeasts can be represented as spheres, whereas filamentous hyphae more closely resemble cylinders. As these two geometric figures increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratios change. The following tables demonstrate how this ratio changes, first for spheres, and second for cylinders. For the cylinder, girth (i. e. , radius, r) will remain constant, whereas length, L, will increase. Note the formulas below the respective tables. A spheres change in surface area and volume with increasing radius, r Radius Surface Area Volume 1 12. 56 4. 19 2 50. 24 33. 48 3 113. 04 113. 01 4 200. 96 267. 87 5 314. 0 523. 0 Area of a Sphere = 4r2 Volume of a Sphere = 4/3r3 A cylinders change in surface area and volume with increasing length, L Radius Surface Area Volume 1 12. 56 3. 14 2 37. 68 6. 28 3 75. 36 9. 42 4 125. 6 12. 56 5 188. 4 15. 7 Area of a Cylinder = 2(r2) + 2rL Volume of a Cylinder = r2L 62) As a direct result of increasing surface area in both yeasts and filamentous hyphae, which cell structures/materials must also increase? 1. amount of chitin 2. number of nuclei 3. amount of plasma membrane 4. number of mitochondria 5. amount of peptidoglycan A) 1 only B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 1, 3, and 5 Answer: B Topic: Concepts 6. 2, 31. 1, 31. 2 Skill: Application/Analysis 63) Which statement is a correct interpretation of the data in the previous tables? A) As a sphere gets bigger, its surface area and volume increase at about the same pace. B) As a cylinder gets bigger, its surface area increases at a greater pace than does its volume. C) As a cylinder gets bigger, its volume increases at about the same pace at which the volume of a sphere increases. D) As spheres and cylinders get bigger, the surface area of a cylinder increases at a faster pace than does the surface area of a sphere. Answer: B Topic: Concepts 6. 2, 31. 2 Skill: Application/Analysis 64) Both axes of the graph are linear. Thus, the shape of the line plotted on this graph most accurately depicts the A) volume of a sphere as the radius, r, increases. B) surface area of a sphere as the radius, r, increases. C) volume of a cylinder as length, L, increases. D) surface area of a cylinder as length, L, increases. Answer: C Topic: Concepts 6. 2, 31. 2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 65) Surface area represents the area available for exchange with the environment, whereas volume represents the cytoplasm which requires nutrients and from which waste products (usually toxic) must be removed. Which of the following should provide the most favorable conditions for effective exchange? A) a smaller unicellular yeast B) a larger unicellular yeast C) a shorter filamentous hypha D) a longer filamentous hypha Answer: D Topic: Concepts 6. 2, 31. 2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 66) Some fungi can exist either as unicellular yeasts or as filamentous hyphae. Which of these forms would be most favorable in an environment where nutrients are limited? A) a smaller unicellular yeast B) a larger unicellular yeast C) a shorter filamentous hypha D) a longer filamentous hypha Answer: D Topic: Concepts 6. 2, 31. 2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Recent genetic studies of the structure of microsporidian genomes, as well as the sequences of their tubulin genes and the gene for RNA polymerase II, indicate that microsporidians are closely related to the fungi. Microsporidians lack flagella, centrioles, peroxisomes, and mitochondria (although they do have degenerate mitochondria, called mitosomes). They have the smallest genome of any eukaryote, and it is a genome that changes quickly. The genome is contained within two haploid nuclei. All microsporidians are obligate intracellular parasites. They use a unique organelle called a polar filament to gain access to the cells of their hosts. One species causes chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients. Another parasitizes Anopheles gambiae, the mosquito that transmits a fatal form of malaria to humans. 67) Given the eukaryotic structures they lack, it should be expected that microsporidians also lack A) the 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules. B) chitin. C) lysosomes. D) nuclei. E) centrosomes. Answer: A Topic: Concepts 6. 6, 31. 3 Skill: Application/Analysis 68) The lifestyle of microsporidians is most similar to that of A) scavengers. B) viruses. C) free-living yeasts. D) ectoparasites. Answer: B Topic: Concepts 19. 2, 31. 3 Skill: Application/Analysis 69) Which of the following microsporidian features are shared with many other fungi? 1. chitinous cell wall 2. two haploid nuclei per cell 3. polar filament 4. chemoheterotrophy A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 1 and 4 D) 1, 2, and 4 E) 2, 3, and 4 Answer: D Topic: Concepts 31. 1, 31. 2, 31. 3 Skill: Application/Analysis For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. 70) Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another? A) by wind-blown spores B) by flagella C) by cilia D) by pseudopods E) by hyphae Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 71) The chytrid sporangia reside within the amphibian epidermal cells. Consequently, which term(s) apply to Bd? 1. ectosymbionts 2. parasites 3. commensals 4. pathogens 5. endosymbionts A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 2, 3, and 5 E) 2, 4, and 5 Answer: E Topic: Concepts 27. 5, 31. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 72) Which of the following are protists, the organisms thought to share the closest ancestor with the chytrids? A) nucleariids B) choanoflagellates C) zygomycetes D) algae E) diplomonads Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 73) Sexual reproduction has not been observed in Bd. A Bd sporangium initially contains a single, haploid cell. Which of the following processes must be involved in generating the multiple zoospores eventually produced by each sporangium? 1. S phase 2. cytokinesis 3. mitosis 4. meiosis A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 2, and 3 E) 1, 2, and 4 Answer: D Topic: Concepts 12. 1, 31. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 74) Sexual reproduction has not been observed in Bd. If its morphology and genetics did not identify it as a chytridiomycete, then to which fungal group would Bd be assigned? A) ascomycetes B) zygomycetes C) glomeromycetes D) basidiomycetes E) deuteromycetes Answer: E Topic: Concepts 31. 2, 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 75) If infection primarily involves the outermost layers of adult amphibian skin, and if the chytrids use the skin as their sole source of nutrition, then which term best applies to the chytrids? A) anaerobic chemoautotroph B) aerobic chemoautotroph C) anaerobic chemoheterotroph D) aerobic chemoheterotroph Answer: D Topic: Concepts 27. 3, 31. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 76) If Bd cannot grow properly at temperatures above 28 °C (82 °F), then, assuming the amphibians can survive, in which time or place should the chytrid infection proceed most rapidly? 1. cooler months 2. warmer months 3. lower altitudes 4. higher altitudes A) 1 or 3 B) 1 or 4 C) 2 or 3 D) 2 or 4 Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 77) What makes it risky to rely on the presence of chitin in adult amphibian skin as the sole positive test for the presence of chytrids? A) Other mycoses may be in progress in the same amphibian simultaneously. B) The amphibian may harbor arthropod ectoparasites simultaneously. C) Bacterial infections may be simultaneously underway in the amphibian. D) Three of the responses above are correct. E) Two of the responses above are correct. Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5. 2, 31. 4, 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 78) The fact that infection by Bd causes lethargy in many infected amphibians can have what effect on efforts to accurately census the numbers of dead or dying amphibians at a particular time, in a particular habitat? A) It can cause underestimation, due to infected amphibians preferring to seek out refuges relative to uninfected amphibians. B) It can cause underestimation, due to increased predation on, and removal of, infected amphibians relative to uninfected amphibians. C) It can cause overestimation, because infected frogs should be more readily observable to human census-takers than should uninfected amphibians. D) All three of the above statements are plausible. E) Two of the above statements are plausible. Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 79) When adult amphibian skin harbors populations of the bacterium, Janthinobacterium lividum (Jl), chytrid infection seems to be inhibited. Which of the following represents the best experimental design for conclusively determining whether this inhibition is real? A) Inoculate uninfected amphibians with Jl, and determine whether the amphibians continue to remain uninfected by chytrids. B) Inoculate infected amphibians with Jl, and determine whether the amphibians recover from infection by chytrids. C) Take infected amphibians and assign them to two populations. Leave one population alone; inoculate the other with Jl. Measure the rate at which infection proceeds in both populations. D) Take infected amphibians and assign them to two populations. Inoculate one population with a high dose of Jl; inoculate the other with a low dose of Jl. Measure the survival frequency in both populations. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 80) A researcher took water in which a Jl population had been thriving, filtered the water to remove all bacterial cells, and then applied the water to the skins of adult amphibians to see if there would subsequently be a reduced infection rate by Bd when frog skins were inoculated with Bd. For which of the following hypotheses is the procedure described a potential test? A) the hypothesis that a toxin secreted by Jl cells kills Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin B) the hypothesis that Jl cells infect and kill Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin C) the hypothesis that Jl outcompetes Bd when both are present together on a frogs skin D) the hypothesis that the presence of Jl on frog skin causes a skin reaction that prevents attachment by Bd cells Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Rose-pickers disease is caused by the yeast, Sporothrix schenkii. The yeast grows on the exteriors of rose-bush thorns. If a human gets pricked by such a thorn, the yeasts can be introduced under the skin. The yeasts then assume a hyphal morphology and grow along the interiors of lymphatic vessels until they reach a lymph node. This often results in the accumulation of pus in the lymph node, which subsequently ulcerates through the skin surface and then drains. 81) The answer to which of these questions would be of most assistance to one who is attempting to assign the genus Sporothrix to the correct fungal phylum? A) Do these yeasts perform fermentation while growing on the rose-bush thorns, or do they wait until inside a human host? B) Does S. schenkii rely on animal infection to complete some part of its life cycle, or is the infection merely opportunistic? C) Are the hyphae in lymphatic vessels septate, or are they coenocytic? D) Is S. schenkii best described as a decomposer, parasite, pathogen, or mutualist of humans? E) Being a yeast, does S. schenkii perform the process of budding? Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 82) Say S. schenkii had initially been classified as a deuteromycete. Asci were later discovered in the pus that oozed from an ulcerated lymph node, and the spores therein germinated, giving rise to S. schenkii yeasts. Which two of these are conclusions that make sense on the basis of this information? 1. S. schenkii produces asexual spores within lymph nodes. 2. S. schenkii should be reclassified. 3. S. schenkii continues to have no known sexual stage. 4. The hyphae growing in lymphatic vessels probably belonged to a different fungal species. 5. S. schenkii yeasts belonging to two different mating strains were introduced by the same thorn prick. A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 5 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 5 E) 4 and 5 Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 83) Humans have immune systems in which lymph nodes are important, because many phagocytes and lymphocytes reside there. Given that a successful infection by S. schenkii damages lymph nodes themselves, which of the following is most probable? A) The hyphae secrete antibiotics, which increases the ability of the infected human to tolerate the fungus. B) Their conversion from yeast to hyphal morphology allows such fast growth that the bodys defenses are at least temporarily overwhelmed. C) Defensive cells of humans cannot detect foreign cells that are covered with cell walls composed of cellulose. D) Given that most fungal pathogens attack plants, human defenses are simply not adapted to seek out and destroy fungi. E) Given that most fungal pathogens of humans infect only the skin, human defenses are not adapted to seek out and destroy systemic fungal infections. Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis End-of-Chapter Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter â€Å"Test Your Understanding† section in Chapter 31 of the textbook. 84) All fungi share which of the following characteristics? A) symbiotic B) heterotrophic C) flagellated D) pathogenic E) act as decomposers Answer: B Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 85) Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? A) the absence of chitin within the cell wall B) coenocytic hyphae C) flagellated spores D) formation of resistant zygosporangia E) parasitic lifestyle Answer: C Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 86) Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? A) ascospores B) basidiospores C) zygosporangia D) conidiophores E) ascocarps Answer: D Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 87) The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often A) a moss. B) a green alga. C) a brown alga. D) an ascomycete. E) a small vascular plant. Answer: B Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 88) Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? A) animals B) vascular plants C) mosses D) brown algae E) slime molds Answer: A Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 89) The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to A) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms. B) avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes. C) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats. D) the increased probability of contact between different mating types. E) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition. Answer: E

Nixons Foreign Policy A Global Balance Of Power Essays

Nixon's Foreign Policy: A Global Balance Of Power Nixon's Foreign Policy: Global Balance of Power Period: 7 Background Richard Nixon entered office in the midst of one of the gravest foreign policy crises in American history. The Cold War was at its height, hundreds of thousands of American troops were in Vietnam, and the views of society were split down the middle. With the aid of his national security adviser and secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, Nixon felt that it was imperative to change America's foreign policy. They felt that it was necessary to support our interests in the long run, they felt it necessary to have a balance of power throughout the world in order to ensure peace and prosperity. One has to take into consideration geopolitics when discussing balance of power. The main purpose is stability by using different political philosophies based on geography, and self-interest. If the major powers pursued their self-interest rationally and predictably, an equilibrium would emerge from the conflicting interest. Nixon knew that a strong America is essential to global equilibrium, and counted on stability to produce it. Under Nixon's new policy partnership, strength, and the willingness to negotiate were the three pillars essential in keeping peace. The policy would stop trying to eliminate communism and win the Cold War, but rather replace it through new initiatives directed toward finding areas of cooperation. In fact it was clear that the Soviet Union was Nixon's biggest partner towards peace. Nixon parted with the philosophy of containment, and thought that negotiations and peaceful competition would lead to strengthening of democracies. These negotiations became known as D?tente. When Nixon announced to the world his new plan for foreign affairs, it became known as the Nixon Doctrine. It was an outline of America's foreign policy that dealt with the ordeal that the past involvement in Korea and Vietnam, which were countries with no prior commitment to us, and in regions not protected by any alliances. As a result he outlined the criteria for involvement in world affairs. He stated, ?1) The United States would keep its treaty commitments. 2) The United States would ?provide a shield if a nuclear power threatens the freedom of a nation allied with us or of a nation whose survival we consider vital to our security.' 3) In cases involving non-nuclear aggression, the United States would ?look to the nation directly threatened to assume the primary responsibility of providing the manpower for defense.'? It was thought that if America would not always be a safety net for smaller countries, they would increase their defense systems to be more adequate for the job. In the end the Nixon-Kissinger foreign policy boils down to stability, and in order to achieve that stability there must be a global balance of power. They want us as Americans to keep our idealistic values and promote peace, but realize what the country has the capability and authority to do in the world. Options to global balance of power Wilsonian idealism reigned supreme with our foreign policy for many years, and the country was quite comfortable with it. The policy enabled the United States to conduct their global role with missionary vigor. It promoted democracy and human rights, which made people, feel good about themselves. Wilson had the perception that the world was on an inevitable course for peace and democracy, and it was our job to help the inevitable along. America is the leader of the world, and it is our duty to set an example, and at times act accordingly to show that example. Under this philosophy we are urged to preserve freedom, democracy, and peace at any price. Wilsonianism rejects the thought of peace through balance of power in favor of peace through moral consensus. It sees foreign policy as a struggle between good and evil, in which evil foes must be defeated. When a crisis rises it is not disturbance of a balance or equilibrium, but as a deviation from moral standards and order. The liberals and Wilsonian believers thought Nixon's policy could not answer the questions pertaining to such moral issues as arms control and human rights. They felt that his policy was not going far enough and was going to continue